The AMP saga continues.

The latest casualty was the resignation of AMP's Chief Risk Officer, which is probably understandable given the revelations of the past month or so, although his comments on LinkedIn were, let's say, "unconventional".

Geoff Wilson from Wilson Asset Management, one of the most experienced fund managers around, publicly questioned whether AMP was a buy at any price, given not only the internal and governance problems that the company is facing, but with a business model out of step with the times, and a business sector that is guaranteed to have unknown regulatory changes imposed on it in the future.

Added to anecdotal evidence of AMP advisors moving out, in line with an industry trend from "big end" to "boutique" this week Macquarie Bank is reportedly moving up the wealth management food chain to focus on HNW investors - a further indication that financial advice for "mums dad's" is not an attractive place to be going forward.

Given ASIC's hard line on advisor commissions, and particularly training commissions, that's probably as true for the adviser as it is for the recipient of the "advice". Whether it is the place to be or not, it is an issue for the retail investor who needs and deserves proper financial advice.

Hedge Clippings looks forward to the dismantling of the vertical integration, tied distribution, and producer heavy Approved Products List model to the day when investment products stand on their merits, not product sales dressed up as advice. However, in spite of the headlines, and the fundamentals behind them, it is worth remembering it is the minority of advisors who are the problem, aided and abetted by the industry structure and poor corporate governance that allowed them to operate that way.

The danger of the Hayne Royal Commission will come from the risk of an over-reaction from politicians, and subsequently regulators, and thus to corporate compliance departments, to the extent that the end consumer will go without the genuine advice that they need. Next week the Commission moves its focus to the small business sector - away from the small investor being delivered products they don't need or want, to small business that need the products, but all too often can't get them!

Meanwhile, APRA is starting to put pressure on industry superannuation funds and their selection of board members without the requisite financial acumen, or rather non-selection of board members from outside the industry with appropriate experience. We don't know whether this will come under the gaze of the Hayne Royal Commission, but if not it should do. With their control of so many trillions of dollars of small investors' retirement funds, the governance, skills and experience required should be no different to a public company board.

Finally onto global markets. So far the S&P500 seems to be defying the 10 year bond market yield, now trading at a tad under 3.1%.

So far ... but watch this space.

In spite of the weakness in the financial and banking sector which dominates the ASX Top 20, and to a slightly lesser extent the ASX200, the Australian market has finally made up some ground over the past few days and is now in positive territory calendar YTD. To the end of April the ASX200 was still slightly in the red on a total return or accumulation basis (-0.11%) and only showing a return of 5.46% over 12 months.

Against this the FundMonitors.com index of actively managed investing in Australia and NZ have returned 12.08%. Across all strategies 89.97% of funds have provided positive returns, ranging from -17% to +73% with 57.58% of funds outperforming the ASX200.

We thought we'd throw that in before moving on to AMP...

Hedge Clippings remains sceptical about AMP on nearly every count. This is not only based on their past failings as revealed by the Royal Commission, but also on their response in the ensuing crisis, plus market and client perception, and evidence of investors' outflows as a result.

Last Friday AMP responded to the Royal Commission with what sounded suspiciously like a denial of wrongdoing, in spite of the fact that they had been found to have charged clients fees for services not performed, and then lied to ASIC (including at board level) on no less than 20 occasions.

In spite of losing the chief executive, chairman, three directors, and their chief legal counsel, (who we suspect was thrown under the proverbial bus) the tone of AMP's response was one of, if not denial, refusal to accept responsibility.

And yet to quote from the interim chairman's report to the AGM yesterday:

"I begin by reiterating and reaffirming our unreserved apology. We are truly sorry.

The issues highlighted in our advice business are unacceptable.

We let you down.

We have let our customers down.

And we have let the wider community down."

A little further on the blame was attributed to "a small number of individuals in our advice business who made the decision not to follow policy."

And "the situation was compounded through a series of communications that misrepresented the issue to - and therefore serve to mislead - our regulator on several occasions."

"On both counts the behaviour was absolutely unacceptable."

He then tried to claim that the board had accepted accountability, with some 50% of the board having left, or leaving.

The reality is that the previous chairman and CEO only departed when it became completely obvious that their positions were untenable, and the additional board members only resigned when it was clear they would not make it through the AGM. Hardly synonymous with "leaving of their own accord or willingly".

(The acting chairman also regretted having lost all female directors through the process, but the reality is that ALL directors should be appointed based on ability and experience, by what is between their ears, irrespective of gender. Hedge Clippings might be wise to keep out of that argument!)

But now they have the great white hope, David Murray, as the incoming Chairman.

David Murray is undoubtedly qualified and experienced in financial services. He was CEO of the Commonwealth Bank for 13 years from 1992 to 2005, and was the classic career banker having started as a teller, and rising through the ranks based on his undoubted ability.

However the problem is that Murray believes in the same vertically integrated structure which has not only caused such problems in the banking sector, but is also quite likely to come under pressure as the Royal Commission continues its hearings before making its findings and recommendations known early next year.

At CBA David Murray oversaw the acquisition and integration of Colonial, Count, and Aussie Home Loans, all of which have come under fire in various ways, as has the whole vertical integration structure where sales were repackaged as advice.

The danger for AMP will be that Murray still believes in that model and structure, and that his experience almost aligns itself to his DNA.

Murray has a couple of other problems apart from having to find quality directors with the experience and ability to take on the challenge, let alone instilling the change throughout the organisation.

One of them is his relationship with ASIC, where we would imagine that AMP needs to do some serious fence mending, having in 2016 likened ASIC's approach of trying to enforce corporate culture on boards to that of Adolf Hitler.

At least the 2014 Financial System Inquiry, chaired also by Murray, recommended significantly increased powers for ASIC, even though his later comments suggested that boards should not be held liable for a breach of culture.

The reality is that at AMP it has been that the culture, including at board level, as well as the structure of the business, that has been the problem, and it remains to be seen if Murray, in spite of his outstanding credentials and experience, will be able to, or is the best person to lead it into the future.

It's gone very quiet as the Financial Services Royal Commission took a well-earned breather from the excitement and revelations of the past couple of weeks, with Round 3 of the Public Hearings not due to begin again until 21 May. However, in the background the AMP machine (minus CEO, Chair and Legal Counsel) has been busy producing their response, mainly denying or refuting the allegations levelled against them.

For those not wanting to wade through the full 27 pages and 101 points in AMP's submission, here's a 4 page Fact Sheet summarising their response.

In the meantime of course the public fallout has been dramatic, and in spite of AMP's response and denial, necessary. However, the outcomes - both in the short, medium and long term remain to be seen. Here's Hedge Clippings' quick take:

Short Term: 

• AMP's AGM next week will be a cracker!
• AMP's reputation has been irreparably damaged. How long, and what it will take to recover it, is anyone's guess.

Medium Term:

• Expect more divestment of Banks' wealth divisions (with the exception of "private wealth"). NAB has flagged the spin-off of MLC, ditto ANZ, with CBA examining disposal of Colonial.  However, this will only separate the banks from the platforms.  The Product Issuer, Platform and the Advisor network model will most likely remain in place but under new ownership.
• Expect an exodus of bank aligned (and AMP) advisors to truly independent groups to gain independence from their current restricted approved product lists.
• Expect Investors, faced with having to pay for advice, will avoid visiting a financial advisor even more than they do now, which while it will help some, will unfortunately not necessarily benefit their financial future.

Longer Term:

• Vertical Integration to come under pressure and possibly be abandoned. The big banks' and AMP's vertically aligned platforms are reportedly losing market share, while industry evidence suggests that only 20 to 25% of SMSF's and self-directed investors use them - either due to cost, or the fact they don't seek the services of a financial advisor.
• Bank culture itself may or may not change, but the headcount, and the pecking order, of their internal compliance departments almost certainly will.

Meanwhile it remains to be seen if the findings of the Royal Commission, when eventually handed down and pondered over by the authorities, and then argued over through the courts, will actually result in any successful prosecutions, particularly at senior or board level.

The Hayne Royal Commission Part II: How did this happen, and where's it going?

The revelations from Hayne's Royal Commission continues to reinforce the need for… the Hayne Royal Commission.

We incorrectly thought that the spotlight from the Royal Commission's peek into banking and the home loan sector was bad, but the exposure of the Financial Advice sector has probably surpassed it for the level and depth of systematic failure at every level of the industry.

How did this happen, and what will the outcome be? There'll be books written on it in the not too distant future, but here's one view:

Firstly, How did this happen?

It happened by stealth when in the early 1990's the banks decided they needed a "larger share of the customer's wallet" - a term used by NAB, but no doubt others, and coined from Wells Fargo Bank in the US.

Back then banks started buying stockbrokers;  NAB bought AC Goode, ANZ bought McCaughan Dyson, Westpac - which having narrowly avoided going to the wall - was a little slower buying Ord Minnett, while eventually the CBA, having been privatised, bought E*TRADE, introducing flat fee broking and spoiling the brokers' party of charging fees between .5 and 2.5% of each trade.

AMP and National Mutual, the two largest life insurance companies, each with a significant sales force paid on commission, decided to rename insurance salesmen and women as financial advisors. AMP became a listed company that had to compete for the consumer's wallet, and National Mutual became AXA, which from memory AMP consumed! Old habits die hard and the sales culture continued, with even greater spoils as reward.

Meanwhile in the mid '90's banks were also fighting Aussie Home Loans' "Aussie" John Symond and Wizard's Mark Bouris, each also with a strong sales culture. CBA bought out Aussie (if you can't beat them, don't join them, buy them!) while building societies which had competed with banks for the home loan and mortgage market, were by and large consumed in the wallet share exercise. NAB bought MLC, CBA - Colonial, Westpac - BT etc., etc.

Banking became a sales game, with trail commissions galore, and market share to play for.

And the practice of paying the big bonus!  One senior executive in front of the Royal Commission had his bonus clipped for his division's poor operational practices, reducing it by $60,000 to a mere $960,000! That must have damaged his local bottle shop's sale of Penfolds Grange!

Next, Where's it going?

Who knows, but it will change. 

For one, the vertical integration where a product issuer owns each of the product, the distribution channel, and the sales force, with scant transparency between the three, looks like it has been laid bare and will be dismantled one way or another - government regulation, consumer awareness, or a more competitive (probably online) model.

The structure of dealer groups, and blanket licensing of their employees - including the professional qualifications of those being able to use the term "advisor" will come into focus, as will having two organisations representing the industry while competing for members.

And today's revelations exposing the limitations under which ASIC operate and are able to prosecute wrongdoers will in due course provide the regulator with greater powers - either to investigate or prosecute.

And corporate ethics and responsibility? Someone, or some people, might be worried about taking a one way trip to the big house. They might have to rename the East Wing into something more representative. The Financial Services Wing maybe?

Meanwhile genuine and honest advisors - and there are many of them - will have to wear the reputational consequences of a system riddled by conflicts, and investors will need to understand that good advice is hard to find, and worth paying for.

Macro risk and volatility remain front and centre

Macro issues seem to be centred on geopolitical risk, particularly where The Donald is involved. Mind you, his "my button is bigger than yours" policy approach seems to be moving things along on the Korean Peninsula more than those of his predecessor, so while his style may be more "hardball" than "diplomatic", it might just also turn out to be more effective.

Syria, and in particular with Russia and Iran's involvement, may be a harder nut to crack. From a market perspective investors are possibly becoming acclimatised to Trump's Twitter Diplomacy, which in itself may be a risk when, or if, the rhetoric results in an actual physical or military confrontation.  

Meanwhile turning to the markets, in spite of the increased volatility of the past two months, the upcoming US earnings season is likely to see continuing growth in positive numbers. As the US economy picks up, and while wages/inflation remain reasonably benign, interest rates rises will remain firmly on the agenda as the market's number one economic risk. 

What has recently changed in the US is the market's perception and realisation, particularly over the issue of privacy and personal data for tech stocks and the FANGS, which have had such a stellar run for the past few years. Suddenly people are realising that if you're not paying for a service or product, you are the service or product.

Meanwhile taking a look at the local market and funds' performance YTD and over the past 12 months, where apart from January in the US, there is a sea of red:

Hedge and absolute return funds risky? Hardly! Although choppy markets certainly make things more difficult in a general sense, equity based funds' average outperformance of almost 8% over 12 months, with 85% of all funds' returns beating the market, would seem to answer their critics. 

Next week sees a recommencement of the Hayne Royal Commission, with the spotlight turning to the Financial Services sector and wealth advice (or more correctly in some cases, lack of it). Whilst unlikely to be quite as explosive as envelopes stuffed with cash passing across the desks of suburban bank managers' desks, it will still cause plenty of embarrassment to those in the spotlight, and others in the advice industry.

Expect particular attention not only on fees being charged with no advice given, but also over promotion of in house products on dealer groups' approved product lists (APL's), and vertical integration of the industry overall.

Bill Gates reportedly once gave this advice to an audience of school leavers he was asked to address. It might be equally apt for Robert Shand, the CEO of Blue Sky Alternative Investments, under extreme pressure this week from an activist short selling attack by US hedge fund Glaucus, who claim that Blue Sky's share price is (was is probably more correct now) significantly overpriced. Readers would understand that Hedge Clippings has no issue with short selling in itself, but can sympathise with Blue Sky, whom we have always found to be smart and professional, under attack from a concerted campaign online and in the media designed solely to drive the price down for a profit, rather than letting natural market price discovery take its course.

There's no doubt that Glaucus has involved itself in a case of market manipulation, as Shand claimed in his teleconference on Tuesday morning. There's also no doubt that some elements of the Glaucus report were based on assumptions and speculation, which Blue Sky has claimed are not based on fact, but opinion. The issue with activist short selling, and then heavy publication of the logic or otherwise behind it, is that it doesn't have to be based on fact, or accurate. Once the fear factor is in shareholders minds the buying will dry up, even if they don't hit the panic button and sell. That's how the activist model works.

Shand is facing a number of difficulties in responding, and is learning the hard way that running a fast-moving asset management company investing in alternative and unlisted assets as a public company has its own set of issues. Many, or most of the asset they have developed and manage are closed-ended funds investing in unlisted assets, so pricing is always going to be a question. The timing of exiting, or realising the full value of these mainly private equity, private real estate or infrastructure assets is critical. Most importantly the issue of market transparency doesn't necessarily sit comfortably with unlisted assets housed in wholesale funds.

As such Blue Sky are caught between a rock and a hard place, but like it or not Shand and his board have only two options - either open up the books to prove Glaucus is wrong, or secondly, putting their heads down and focus on delivering the performance of the various underlying assets in due course. The second option in itself will not be easy as "in due course" could be a number of years in the case of some of the underlying investments. Meanwhile, market perception will make it difficult to source new deal flow, and the negative publicity will also make it difficult to attract investors to those funds, while at the same time trying to keep the market happy.

Difficult does not mean impossible. Macquarie Bank came under a similar style attack a few years ago when a US based short seller accused it of being a Ponzi scheme. History shows that Macquarie's share price suffered (and no doubt the short seller profited) but over time the performance was such to re-build the bank's reputation - and share price. There have of course been other cases...

Naughty bankers, Trump's trade tirade, Company tax, and Shorten's retiree tax grab.

The banking industry was in the headlines again this week for all the wrong reasons as the Banking Royal Commission continued to unearth totally unacceptable, and we would imagine, criminal lending behaviour. A report quoting UBS analyst Jonathan Mott estimated that one third of all mortgages ("Liar Loans") written in the past year were based to some degree on borrowers' false or misleading income or expenditure data. There's an eerie sense of déjà vu of pre GFC US housing lending here. If anyone's looking for a catalyst for a property crunch, imagine if those loan applications were re-submitted based on the real numbers?

Over in the US the Federal Reserve increased interest rates by 25 bps to 1.75%, taking rates above the RBA cash rate in the process. As pointed out by Jamieson Coote's Charlie Jamieson, the last time this occurred the A$ was at US$.50 cents! As this was possibly the most widely anticipated move we can remember, the market didn't seem to miss a beat, but that didn't last as Trump's latest tariff salvo against the Chinese took its toll overnight.  

At the beginning of the year we warned that there were likely to be two big risks to markets this year - rising interest rates, and political "left of field" events.

Both seem to be playing out, although the interest rate theme has been well flagged and therefore there's no surprise in that - although there will come the time when the "Tipping Point" arrives - i.e. when the risk/return balance moves investors out of equities to other less volatile asset classes.

Politics is of course very left field in the Donald Trump/Vladimir Putin era, although it's fair to say that as both are becoming predictable, it's a case of expect the unexpected - or just more of the same. In both cases there's an old rule we recall from physics classes - "for every action there's an equal and opposite reaction". However in the political environment the reaction is not always rational, equal, or predicable. There's no way the Chinese are going to let Trump's tariff announcement simply slide by un-noticed, but what they'll do is yet to be seen.

From investors' perspective therefore volatility and risk come to the fore. Hedge and Absolute Return funds - depending on their strategy, style and the manager's skill - will help protect the downside to varying degrees, for instance those funds with high cash parameters, or the ability to protect against overall market risk using short index futures, or long put options.

Tax - one way or another - was also front and centre in the news this week. In the US The Donald is cutting company tax, while in Australia Malcolm Turnbull is hoping to. Overall, Hedge Clipping's view has always been that the Australian Taxation System - if not broken - is seriously in danger of breaking under the weight of complexity and legislation. As this link shows, Australia's tax act has increased over the past 100 years from just 22 pages to over 5,000 and rising, but that, as they say, is history.

Politicians of all persuasions like to have their say, but none have made any real effort to act to simplify the system. The Henry Tax Review, released in 2010, made 138 specific recommendations, almost none of which were adopted by the government of the day, or since - except the failed Resources Super Profit Tax. Henry's review was also hamstrung as that great political elephant in the room, the GST, was explicitly excluded from the terms of reference. As a result the great taxation debacle, and all its complexity, continues seemingly ad infinitum. 

Memo to politicians of all persuasions: An increasing number of the electorate are desperate for a simplification and overhaul of the taxation system (including superannuation). The Country and the economy need it. Leadership is required!

Combining the topics of political leadership and taxation is never easy. However, last week, the opposition leader Bill Shorten got into a fiddling tax act mess, announcing a planned change to the treatment of franking credits - or more specifically a plan to ditch franking credit cash rebates for tax payers with low taxable incomes. He certainly hit a raw nerve on all sides of the electoral spectrum. In last week-end's Financial Review his proposal received no less than 8 full pages of comment or editorial, and in the days since it seems everyone has jumped on the bandwagon, with most of them jumping on Bill.

As such it would be remiss of Hedge Clippings not to join the throng, but we had difficulty in coming up with a new angle. As a result, and being a Friday, here's a different view (with hyperlinks for those of our overseas readers unfamiliar with the local vernacular):
 

Wee Willie Short-One was looking for a plan,

to soak the rich and famous and so help the common man;

With an election 'round the corner, it's a chance he couldn't miss,

He tried it with his Mediscare, it might just work with this:
 

"I know!" he says to Albo, (who's breathing down his neck),

"What about the pensioners, they're fair game - what the heck!

Best of all I'm sure they're Libs, so wouldn't vote for us,

We'll call it taxing millionaires, that'll not cause so much fuss."
 

No matter that they worked for years to put some funds away,

or started up a super fund just for that rainy day.

"Look at all the franking credits they're getting back in cash -

They'll whinge a bit, poor old folk, but few teeth left to gnash."

"But best of all OUR super's safe, indexed and inflation free,

Fifteen percent and guaranteed, it won't hurt you and me.

If it works I'll get a pension, gold pass, driver and a car,

But only if I make PM - if I can only get that far..."

But Willie's got his facts wrong, as pollies often do,

Didn't understand the people his franking tax will screw,

There's lots of labour voters who he forgot to note,

Have also put some shares away - and bloody hell! they'll vote!

For those amongst you who might not recognise the rhythm or the rhyme, check out (and apologies to) William Miller's Wee Willie Winkie. Or for a less politically correct musical connection, Benny Hill's all time number one classic from 1971, Ernie - the fastest milkman in the West.

Banking revelations surprise even the most cynical, but on reflection, no surprises.

The Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry hit the headlines this week with mis-deeds and malpractice in the banking sector front and centre. Even those who expected that Australia's banks would probably not emerge from Court Room 4A in Melbourne's William Street smelling like roses, might not have suspected the levels of graft, seriously poor practices, corporate governance and criminality that were revealed.

In particular lending for Australia's residential property market, which makes up such a large proportion of each bank's loan book, came under scrutiny, with executives from NAB and Commonwealth, and their respective distribution and mortgage broking arms, uncomfortably sharing the limelight.

It seems inevitable that if you hire a sales team, place them on significant commissions and incentives, (including both upfront and the trailing variety) and then set aggressive sales targets, selling into a market desperate to buy your product, you are going to end up with only one result - or more correctly one result, many thousands of times over.

To what extent part of this was either part cause, or effect, or a bit of both of the residential property boom is unknown. Maybe it's just a part of it, but given the record of the culture in the US mortgage broking and loan origination leading up to the GFC, surely Aussie banks' senior management must have seen it coming?

We suspect they did, but hey! Preventing, or stopping it would have been what is known in some parts of the industry as "commercially naive". Hence the old "sweep it under the carpet if possible" strategy.

That doesn't directly correlate with the fund management sector, but we'd be surprised if at some stage the Commission doesn't turn its attention to the banks' vertical integration in funds management and distribution, with banks wearing three hats (albeit frequently under different brands) as product issuers, (i.e. fund managers) gateways, (platforms) and distribution (financial planning groups).

While there are issues and potential for conflict abounding in the managed fund sector, they're likely to pale into insignificance compared with this week's revelations.

On a totally different note Stephen Hawking, one of the greatest minds of the last 100 years possibly longer, passed away this week, amazingly on March 14^th, Albert Einstein's birthday, which also happens to be Pi Day (Pi = 3.14 ) and just one day before the Ides of March.

What was so impressive about Hawking was not only his ability under such difficulty, and his sheer determination to not let that inhibit him, but above all his sense of humour, as summed up by one of his better-known quotations, "Life would be tragic if it weren't funny". 

Trump's Tariffs obscures bond and equity market risks - for now.

Trump's trade restriction deal is still a work in progress, but in typical Donald style it's all part of a bigger negotiation play, and possibly directed as much at the rust belt which helped him into the White House in the first place than foreign nations dumping steel on the US market. 

We're not sure his change in US tariff policy (now clearly aimed at China and Asian imports, although that's gone unsaid) will necessarily turn around that section of the US economy, which is also facing other significant structural and long term issues. However, whilst not agreeing with his economic logic, one has to give Donald the politician points for keeping to his electoral promises.

We also noted that when it comes to trade and tariffs, he's now saying the Mexican's are his good friends, along with Canada. How much steel and aluminium (or even aluminum) is required to build the WALL?

Meanwhile the bond/equity market two step has receded from the front pages* of all but the financial press, but it is still there. As per this report from HSBC's Steven Major this morning:

"Our view is that the correction in risky asset markets (equities) should be taken as a warning of what could follow," Major wrote in the report. "Historical correlations between asset classes are unlikely to be stable as the global economy adjusts for the normalisation of unconventional monetary policy."

We've written about this for a while, but this chart from Deutsche puts it all in simple terms. As they say, a picture paints a thousand words...

This chart was produced before Trump's announcement on tariffs, but the key boxes are "An unfavourable rise in interest rates" and "Lower stock prices". Don't ignore the message!

In breaking news it has been announced that Donald Trump and North Korea's Kim Jong Un will meet in May - refer above to Trump's negotiating style rather than political skills.  There will be plenty of claims to bringing this historic meeting about, firstly from Trump himself by ramping up both rhetoric and sanctions, but also China for the pressure they've brought to bear behind the scenes. If nothing else it will put two of the most distinctive global haircuts into the same space at the same time. 

*So too, thankfully, has Barnaby's maybe baby and the PM's "bonk ban". The wider world must be wondering what life down under is all about.

Increasing turbulence as headwinds become tailwinds…

A combination of Jerome Powell's first major public appearance, and a typically Trumpesque announcement on steel tariffs, managed to further unsettle jittery markets overnight. As a result on the first day of March the US market declined for the third straight session,with the Dow falling 1.7%, and the S&P500 having declined 3.9% in February and when it moved more than 1% on 12 out of a total of 19 trading days, interestingly more often rising than falling when doing so.

Taking Powell's comments first - after all, they are likely to be somewhat more rational and considered than those of his Commander-In-Chief's. His comment that headwinds have become tailwinds set the tone, and as a result created headwinds for the market. Acknowledging that the FED's role was to create a balance between inflation ("expect to see it" increasing towards trend) and growth, Powell noted that while there was no evidence of overheating in the economy, US unemployment has fallen from 10% post GFC to its current level of 4.1%, with wages growth at only 2.5%, although he's also expecting that figure to increase.

What's always curious for those with grey (or no) hair amongst us, and those with memories of the '70's and 80's, is that the FED is actively trying to encourage inflation.

The market has little doubt that interest rates in the US will increase over the course of the year, with most analysts expecting at least three hikes, and possibly four, over the next 10 months. All eyes therefore will be on Powell's next major test, namely the FOMC meeting scheduled for 20th and 21st of March. Markets dislike uncertainty, and with the 10 year bond rate having climbed to within five basis points of the psychologically important 3% mark, the view remains that volatility will continue and the risk for both equities and bonds will remain on the downside. It is well worth remembering that for the last eight times when the FED has moved to a tightening cycle, lower P/E's have been the result.

Never one to be outdone, Trump (we'll resist any further "hair" comments as being a cheap shot) added fuel to the recent volatility by announcing a 25% tariff on steel imported into the US, and 10% on aluminium, each for "a long period of time". Even though steel and aluminium represent only a little more than 1% of overall US imports, the fear is probably greater than the fact. Trump is signalling, threatening or risking a trade war, or a response, particularly from China.

Watch this space.