Two developments have framed global equity markets in 2026: The continuation - and perhaps surprising strengthening - of the AI infrastructure buildout and the outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East. As evidenced by numerous stock indices having reached record highs in the second quarter, the market is largely embracing the former while shrugging at the latter in the hopes that the associated energy price shock will be short lived.

Given the degree to which equities are reacting to these unfolding events, one could be forgiven for thinking that there is little point in fighting consensus by seeking differentiated, company-specific views that go against the prevailing narrative. We, however, believe current market and corporate dynamics are more complex than what's reflected in the headlines. It is, after all, in periods of persistent macro risk and seemingly one-way trades that investors can capitalize on price dislocations within underappreciated themes and individual securities, which can often lead to excess return opportunities over the long term.

To be sure, market concentration and persistent inflation are factors investors cannot ignore. And our sentiment is more cautious than it was six months ago. But financial markets are the aggregation of thousands of companies and millions of transactions, and they are constantly absorbing new information about the corporate, economic, and geopolitical environment. While uncertainty has risen, in our view, a complicated and rapidly evolving environment creates opportunities for investors to be proactive by positioning portfolios for the future.

The AI buildout: From strength to strength

In late 2025, two questions hung over the AI theme: Was the scale of the infrastructure buildout too much too soon, and when could hyperscalers expect monetization from their massive investment? Fast forward six months and those many of those concerns have been assuaged. Demand at every stage of the AI value chain exceeds supply. This includes backlogs for the most advanced graphics processing units (GPU) and end users lining up to access hyperscalers' newest models. This latter development is resulting in revenue growth that exceeds most analysts' expectations. The upshot is one of the strongest earnings revisions cycles in decades.

Exhibit 1: Equity earnings upgrades

In contrast to the last three years, when earnings were revised downward even in the categories below - with the Magnificent 7 being the exception - 2026 earnings estimates have been materially upgraded over the past five months.

Source: Bloomberg, Janus Henderson Investors, as of 29 May 2026. U.S. large-cap growth represented by the Russell 1000 Growth Index; Semis represented by the S&P 500 Semiconductors Sub-Industry Index; Developed ex-U.S. represented by the MSCI EAFE Index.

The expanding capabilities behind the voracious demand for these models is underpinned by a wider-than-expected set of technical inputs. In this year's most telling example, AI inference has been shown to require an underappreciated number of central processing units (CPUs) and memory chips, resulting in significant bottlenecks for these components. This revelation comes on the heels of hyperscalers' race to procure sufficient energy to power their data centers. As AI models become even more sophisticated and further permeate the global economy, we expect additional bottlenecks to emerge. This presents an opportunity for investors to apply deep industry knowledge to identify constraints early and position portfolios accordingly.

Another potential AI-related development investors should be mindful of is a repeat of the type of disruption that recently roiled the software industry. As use cases are applied to other industries, we expect additional events like this to occur, as disruption is the tradeoff for reaping the productivity gains promised by AI. But as with the software episode, once the possibility of disruption is recognized, the market often reacts quickly, selling first and asking questions later. This elevator down, stairs up mentality can create opportunities in oversold stocks whose underlying businesses could prove resilient to, if not fortified by, AI.

The global economy has been through periods of profound technological change before, although perhaps not at the scale or velocity exhibited by AI. These early days are being led by AI enablers - infrastructure companies and models architects. Investors are anxious to see evidence of productivity gains leading to earnings growth across sectors - via AI enhancers and especially end users - but, at present, any margin expansion would be dwarfed by the AI hyperscalers' historic revenue generation.

The long shadow of higher energy prices

A tenuous ceasefire and front-month Brent crude futures roughly 20% off their crisis highs have caused many market participants to hope that the economic impact of the Middle East conflict will be short lived in most regions. We believe this will prove too sanguine of an outlook. Even if a lasting cessation of hostilities can be achieved - and that is far from certain - we expect energy prices, and thus global inflation, to remain elevated for much of the rest of the year.

The knock-on effects of such an outcome would be far ranging. Foremost, consumption and corporate margins in regions highly dependent on energy imports would suffer. Europe and much of Asia are at the top of that list. And while U.S. consumption remains steady, we are already seeing signs of stress in the value segment. With gasoline prices above $4 per gallon, every dollar going into a tank is one less available for other categories. Even without oil surging past $100 per barrel, the steady headwind of elevated gas prices could weigh on consumers during the important holiday travel and back-to-school seasons.

Exhibit 2: Inflation biting in the eurozone and U.S.

The duration of energy-driven inflation in the eurozone and U.S. will largely determine how consumers adjust their buying patterns and when - and to what degree - these regions' respective central banks will have to react with policy adjustments.

Source: Bloomberg, Janus Henderson Investors, as of 8 June 2026.

The duration of high energy prices is likely to be the swing factor in the future trajectory of monetary policy. Entering the year, most major central banks were on track to cut rates to support a late-cycle economy. Now, market-implied estimates indicate the Bank of England and European Central Bank could raise rates up to two and three times, respectively, by the end of the year. And given their inflation mandate, they would have to do this despite already flagging economic prospects.

While the U.S. may not be compelled to raise rates as quickly (if at all), its economy is unlikely to receive the hoped-for tailwind of lower interest rates. Not only would this diminish households' ability to benefit from lower borrowing costs, but it also undermines our earlier expectation for an equity market broadening, partly premised on typically leveraged small caps enjoying more favorable financing terms.

Europe: One step forward, two steps...

Higher interest rates will continue to be a headwind for the eurozone. Another comes in the form of economic reforms progressing more slowly than anticipated. The holdup is found in the banking and regulatory reforms aimed at making the European marketplace more competitive.

In contrast, by necessity, the defense component of the banks and tanks initiative continues to move forward. Major European countries, chiefly Germany, recognize the need to fortify their defense capabilities, including domestic arms production, and are willing to run deficits to fund them. The Trump administration's continued ambiguity toward the North Atlantic Treaty Organization likely makes European defense an enduring theme, regardless of how the Ukraine conflict turns out.

Much of our earlier favorable view on European markets was based on the potential for pro-business reforms. But another factor was the considerable discount at which European stocks have traded to their American counterparts for the past several years. That discount has narrowed considerably over the past 18 months, diminishing the argument that value alone was a reason to consider European exposure.

Exhibit 3: European equities discount to U.S. stocks

With Europe's valuation discount to the U.S. narrowing, the next boost for the continent's stocks will have to come from substantive pro-business reforms rather than arguing that equities are cheap.

Source: Bloomberg, Janus Henderson Investors, as of 29 May 2026.

When looking at European economic conditions in isolation - including lower exposure to the AI theme - one can conclude that the region's stocks trade at a discount to the U.S. for a reason. That, however, ignores the fact that a large portion of European earnings are derived from either exports or European multinationals' global operations. In this respect, European exposure continues to represent a viable method to access attractive investment themes and global earnings streams.

China finding its footing?

After an extended period of tepid stock performance and worrisome economic developments, China has shown signs of progress. Part of the reason is the central government inching away from its emphasis on national service at the expense of a company's economic priorities. Beijing is again recognizing that a less encumbered private sector acting in its own commercial interest can improve a nation's economic position and social outcomes. This is most evident in innovation-centric fields like AI, biotechnology, and electric vehicles (EV).

The country still must work though the vestiges of its housing overhang, and the government's typical reflex in these instances is to lean into exports. This is, in fact, part of China's current strategy in the wake of U.S. tariffs. To compensate for duties, exports have increased to other emerging markets, where some components invariably find their way to the U.S., but under more favorable terms. A star of corporate China continues to be its commanding position in EVs and batteries, both of which have gained footholds in markets across the world.

Balancing the secular and the cyclical

A market repeatedly eclipsing record highs on the back of a handful of AI-related companies is no reason in itself to be circumspect about stocks' prospects. This year's gains are, after all, rooted in solid fundamentals, namely materially higher earnings revisions. Still, equities' swagger belies some uncertainty. What sector will AI disrupt next, and how will corporate managers - and investors - react? Although there have been larger episodes in the past, how will the market absorb the initial public offering pipeline, including those of major AI platforms?

Lingering inflation and potentially more restrictive monetary policy are legitimate headwinds. Granted, the U.S. stock market does not look entirely like the U.S. economy - with consumption being a much larger share of the latter - but stress from higher energy prices could eventually impact the purchasing decisions of higher-income households. High-end consumption remains strong, but in perhaps a nod to any workplace dislocations AI may cause, will that be enough to carry the broader U.S. economy? These are issues policymakers and investors must monitor as AI becomes more prevalent.

There are invariably winners and losers in periods of rapid technological transition. Even within tech, there will be both. The analytical potential of AI could create even more winners in biotech innovation as models tackle the complexities of medical sciences.

Over the remainder of 2026, the market will have to balance two opposing forces. On one side, the possible cyclical headwinds of a prolonged military conflict, inflation, and higher interest rates may very well weigh on near-term economic growth. On the other, the secular theme of AI could live up to its promise of being a force multiplier for global productivity. Neither of these trends is on a set path, and each will likely deliver unexpected developments, and thus bouts of volatility, along the way.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Aerospace and defense industries can be significantly affected by changes in the economy, fuel prices, labor relations, and government regulation and spending.

Artificial intelligence ("AI") focused companies, including those that develop or utilize AI technologies, may face rapid product obsolescence, intense competition, and increased regulatory scrutiny. These companies often rely heavily on intellectual property, invest significantly in research and development, and depend on maintaining and growing consumer demand. Their securities may be more volatile than those of companies offering more established technologies and may be affected by risks tied to the use of AI in business operations, including legal liability or reputational harm.

Equity securities are subject to risks including market risk. Returns will fluctuate in response to issuer, political and economic developments.

Foreign securities are subject to additional risks including currency fluctuations, political and economic uncertainty, increased volatility, lower liquidity and differing financial and information reporting standards, all of which are magnified in emerging markets.

Technology industries can be significantly affected by obsolescence of existing technology, short product cycles, falling prices and profits, competition from new market entrants, and general economic conditions. A concentrated investment in a single industry could be more volatile than the performance of less concentrated investments and the market as a whole.

Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an unmanaged index representing the rate of inflation of the U.S. consumer prices as determined by the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics.

Dividend Yield is the weighted average dividend yield of the securities in the portfolio (including cash). The number is not intended to demonstrate income earned or distributions made by the portfolio.

Inflation: The rate at which the prices of goods and services are rising in an economy. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Retail Price Index (RPI) are two common measures.

The Magnificent 7 stocks include Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Tesla, Meta Platforms, Microsoft, and NVIDIA.

Monetary Policy refers to the policies of a central bank, aimed at influencing the level of inflation and growth in an economy. It includes controlling interest rates and the supply of money.

MSCI EAFE^® (Europe, Australasia, Far East) Index reflects the equity market performance of developed markets, excluding the U.S. and Canada.

Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio measures share price compared to earnings per share for a stock or stocks in a portfolio.

Russell 1000^® Growth Index reflects the performance of U.S. large-cap equities with higher price-to-book ratios and higher forecasted growth values.

S&P 500^® Index reflects U.S. large-cap equity performance and represents broad U.S. equity market performance.

S&P 500 Semiconductors Sub-Industry Index^® tracks the performance of the semiconductor and semiconductor equipment manufacturers listed on the S&P 500.

STOXX^® Europe 600 Index represents large, mid and small capitalization companies across 17 countries in the European region.

Volatility is the rate and extent at which the price of a portfolio, security or index, moves up and down. If the price swings up and down with large movements, it has high volatility. If the price moves more slowly and to a lesser extent, it has lower volatility. The higher the volatility the higher the risk of the investment.

After more than a decade contending with the aftereffects of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), European bank stocks have reemerged as one of the notable bright spots across the region's equity markets in recent years. In 2024 and 2025, the STOXX^® Europe 600 Banks Index returned an impressive 35% and 77%, respectively, outperforming the broader STOXX^® Europe 600 Index by more than 105 percentage points over that span.¹

Importantly, this followed a long stretch of relative underperformance as tougher banking regulations and ultra-low interest rates weighed on profitability and loan growth. But while a low starting point and recognition of deeply depressed valuations - and subsequent multiple expansion - may explain some of the rally, improved fundamentals have been an underappreciated aspect of the story, in our view.

Indeed, the rally over the last two years has been underpinned by earnings growth, as shown in the chart below. And while the Iran conflict injected a fresh dose of macro-driven volatility, valuations across the sector remain modest, and we believe the case for further rerating is firmly intact.

Exhibit 1: Strong 2024 and 2025 performance driven by significant upward earnings revisions and multiple expansion
Next 12-month forward earnings estimates have increased markedly over the past 2.5 years.

Source: Bloomberg, data from 1 January 2024 to 12 June 2026. Past performance does not predict future results.

Emerging from a 15-year post-GFC deleveraging cycle

In Europe, banks have spent more than a decade improving the size and quality of their capital reserves, as evidenced by a steady rise in Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) levels and capital ratios (Exhibit 2). While this has supported banks' ability to weather exogenous shocks, it has also constrained lending, resulting in a period of muted - and at times, negative - loan growth. This, in turn, weighed on economic growth across the region, as banks provide the majority of financing to the corporate sector.

More recently, there has been growing debate about whether the pendulum may have swung too far toward over-regulation. To date, progress toward deregulation has been limited, but discussions are underway around proposals to free up capital, support lending, and improve the competitiveness of European banks.

Exhibit 2: European banks have built materially stronger capital positions
CET1 amount and capital ratios

Source: ECB, "Supervisory Banking Statistics for significant institutions, fourth quarter 2025", 18 March 2026.

At the same time, risk controls and cost-cutting measures honed during the days of negative rates have vastly improved many firms' operating efficiency. Loan books have also been significantly de-risked, with the non-performing loans ratio for significant institutions falling to roughly 2% in recent European Central Bank (ECB) data, down from more than 7% a decade ago.²

The upshot is that European banks have emerged from the prolonged deleveraging cycle as a healthier, more profitable sector, with higher interest rates providing an additional tailwind to earnings.

A more constructive operating environment

Consequently, the region's banks have been achieving their highest profitability of the post-GFC era, as measured by return-on-equity (ROE) levels. After bottoming in the mid-single-digits range in the aftermath of the pandemic, European banks have closed the gap with their U.S. peers and, in some cases, moved ahead for the first time in years.

Exhibit 3: European banks have closed the profitability gap with U.S. peers
Return on equity (ROE), rolling 12-month forward estimate

Source: Bloomberg, data as of 12 June 2006 to 12 June 2026. Past performance does not predict future results.

Valuations suggest room for further rerating

Despite this improved fundamental picture, European bank stocks continue to trade at a meaningful discount to U.S. banks and the broader European equity market. Although valuations have risen from deeply depressed levels, they have only recently returned to their long-term average.

• As of this writing, the STOXX Europe 600 Banks Index has a forward price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 10.1, only slightly above its long-term average of 9.5 and still well below peaks seen during the 2010s, when the sector was more fundamentally challenged.
• By comparison, the KBW Bank Index, representative of U.S. bank stocks, trades at 12.8 times forward earnings, while the P/E for the broader STOXX Europe 600 Index sits at 15.0.³

Exhibit 4: European bank valuations are yet to fully reflect improved fundamentals
Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, 12-month forward estimate

Source: Bloomberg, data as of 12 June 2006 to 12 June 2026. Past performance does not predict future results.

Meanwhile, European banks have been returning capital to shareholders at a healthy clip in the form of dividends and share buybacks, with the dividend yield on the STOXX Europe 600 Banks Index north of 5%, more than double that of comparable U.S. benchmarks.⁴

All of this would argue in favor of room for further multiple expansion, in our view. While some discounting to U.S. peers may be warranted, we believe the persistently wide valuation gap also reflects anchoring bias - a tendency among investors to reference past underperformance when making investment decisions.

Longer-term structural shifts and potential implications

Beyond the improved earnings trajectory and still-attractive valuations, a combination of structural shifts and secular drivers is reshaping the investment landscape for European banks and could further support the case for additional upside.

• Pro-domestic growth initiatives: As global realignment pushes Europe to focus more intently on domestic growth, competitiveness, and supply-chain resilience, banks are likely to play a key role in providing capital to the real economy - a potential tailwind for loan growth.
• AI-driven efficiency gains: While Europe's participation in the AI secular theme is often overlooked, banks stand out as an industry particularly well positioned to benefit from automation and productivity improvements, with potential for structurally lower costs that are not yet fully reflected in expectations.
• Bank mergers / consolidation: Consolidation across the sector has historically been concentrated within national markets, but there are early indications that focus is beginning to shift toward cross�'border opportunities. If regulatory barriers ease over time, this could help reduce fragmentation and support greater scale, efficiency, and competitiveness with global peers.

Navigating an uncertain macro environment

While recent geopolitical turmoil has strengthened the case for European nations to boost defense spending - a potential tailwind that could support lending growth - the Iran conflict and resultant energy shock have cast a pall over the economic outlook for the region. The dual threat of higher inflation and potential demand destruction poses a risk for net energy-importing countries and bears close monitoring.

The ECB responded on June 11 with its first rate increase since 2023, and markets are pricing in expectations for at least one additional rate hike this year, as of this writing. For now, the combination of modestly higher rates and still-resilient, albeit less-robust, economic growth aligns with the sort of environment in which banks typically thrive. That said, even with the recent Iran ceasefire extension, questions remain about how fully the Strait of Hormuz will reopen and the extent to which any lingering supply disruption could weigh on Europe and the broader global economy.

This uncertain backdrop makes selectivity all the more critical. While we believe the case for further valuation rerating remains compelling, it is unlikely to be uniform across the European banking sector. In our view, deep fundamental research and bottom-up stock selection are essential to identifying institutions with strong capital positions, diversified earnings streams, and exposure to attractive markets supported by longer-term secular tailwinds.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Actively managed investment portfolios are subject to the risk that the investment strategies and research process employed may fail to produce the intended results. Accordingly, a portfolio may underperform its benchmark index or other investment products with similar investment objectives.

Diversification neither assures a profit nor eliminates the risk of experiencing investment losses.

Equity securities are subject to risks including market risk. Returns will fluctuate in response to issuer, political and economic developments.

Financials industries can be significantly affected by extensive government regulation, subject to relatively rapid change due to increasingly blurred distinctions between service segments, and significantly affected by availability and cost of capital funds, changes in interest rates, the rate of corporate and consumer debt defaults, and price competition.

Foreign securities are subject to additional risks including currency fluctuations, political and economic uncertainty, increased volatility, lower liquidity and differing financial and information reporting standards, all of which are magnified in emerging markets.